![]() ![]() ![]() The rarest type of gemination occurs with geminates surrounded by consonants (Davis 2011). Since in moraic phonology onsets should not be associated. Geminates are usually found between two vowels, although some languages do allow word-initial geminates, followed by a vowel, and word-final geminates, preceded by a vowel (Davis 2011). Post-hoc analysis of the possibilities for stress and syllable weight correlation, in light of these factors that influence stress, actually reveals that geminate consonants tend to be treated exactly the same as autonomous CC clusters, so that geminates are not usually special, although there are a few languages where they are. Besides occurring before, after, and between consonants, geminate /ss/ also occurs word-initially. The pattern where geminates attract stress, while other CC clusters do not, turns out to be rather rare, appearing in Cahuilla, San`ani Yemeni Arabic, some dialects of Hindi and Pattani Malay (the latter, though, is quite bizarre since usually onset geminates do not cause syllables to behave as though they are heavy). In moraic theory, it is generally held that autonomous coda consonants (part of a two-consonant cluster) may have an additional mora (long vowels always do), but the first half of a geminate always does. The correlation between stress and syllable weight is so strong that it is used presumptively to establish the subtypology of syllable weight, where long vowels always make a syllable heavy, and coda consonants may. The former correlation is frequently referred to as the Weight-to-Stress principle. In this investigation, we focus on the articulatory properties of word-initial voiceless geminate and singleton stops in Swiss German, contrasting them in. Geminates are seen as two identical consonants, one which fills the coda and the other which. Footnote 1 Acoustic investigations of the dialect have indicated that voicing was maintained throughout word-medial voiced geminates (Matsuura Reference Matsuura 2012, Fujimoto & Shinohara 2013, Shinohara & Fujimoto 2018) and word-initial geminates were accompanied by a long-voiced period (Fujimoto & Shinohara 2013, Shinohara & Fujimoto 2018). The findings indicate that a feature occurring later in the word affects initial consonant production and perception, which supports the whole-word phonology model.There is a well-known indirect correlation between stress and gemination, because (1) heavy syllables tend to attract stress and (2) geminate consonants tend to make syllables heavy. Gemination is found across words and across morphemes when the last consonant in a given word and the first consonant in the following word are the same. Familiar words with geminates were recognized despite the change, words with singletons were not. We first established baseline word-form recognition for untrained familiar trochaic disyllables and then tested for word-form recognition, separately for words with geminates and singletons, after changing the initial consonant to create nonwords from both familiar and rare forms. To test the hypothesis that it is the salience of the medial geminate that detracts attention from the initial consonant we conducted three experiments with 11-month-old Italian infants. A production study with thirty Italian children recorded at 1 3 and 1 9 strongly confirmed both of these tendencies. Infants learning languages with long consonants, or geminates, have been found to "overselect" and "overproduce" these consonants in early words and also to commonly omit the word-initial consonant.
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